Medida do fluxo intraoperatório com fluxômetro TTFM nos enxertos coronários: resultados de amostra nacional / Intraoperative coronary grafts flow measurement using the TTFM flowmeter: results from a domestic sample

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a perviedade dos enxertos no intraoperatório e identificar enxertos com risco de oclusão precoce. MÉTODOS: Cinquenta e quatro pacientes foram submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio e foi utilizado o fluxômetro (Medtronic Medi-Stim) que utiliza o método de tempo de trânsito (TTFM) para avaliação do fluxo nos enxertos. Três pacientes tinham lesão de tronco de artéria coronária esquerda e 48 apresentavam função ventricular normal ou pouco comprometida. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de dois (3,7%) pacientes, um por trombose mesentérica e outro por choque cardiogênico. Dezessete (31,4%) pacientes foram operados sem circulação extracorpórea (CEC). O fluxo no enxerto arterial variou de 8 a 106 ml/min, com média de 31,14 ml/min, e nos enxertos venosos de 9 a 149 ml/min, com média de 50,42 ml/min. CONCLUSÃO: O fluxômetro representa maior segurança para o cirurgião e para o paciente. Até mesmo sob o aspecto legal essa documentação dos enxertos pérvios evitará questionamentos futuros.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intraoperative graft patency and identify grafts under risk of early occlusion. METHODS: Fifty four patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery and the graft flow was assessed by the Flowmeter (Medtronic Medistim), which utilizes the TTFM method. Three patients had left main disease and 48 had normal or mildly reduced left ventricular function. RESULTS: In hospital mortality was 3.7% (two patients), one for mesenteric thrombosis and one due to cardiogenic chock. Seventeen patients (34%) were submitted to off pump CABG. Arterial Graft flow measures ranged from 8 to 106 ml/min (average 31.14 ml/min), and venous grafts flow ranged from 9 to 149 ml/min (average 50.42 ml/min). CONCLUSION: Flowmeter use represents higher safety both for patients and surgeons. Even under legal aspects, the documentation provided by the device can avoid future questionings.

Intraoperative coronary grafts flow measurement using the TTFM flowmeter: results from a domestic sample.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate intraoperative graft patency and identify grafts under risk of early occlusion. METHODS: Fifty four patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass surgery and the graft flow was assessed by the Flowmeter (Medtronic Medistim), which utilizes the TTFM method. Three patients had left main disease and 48 had normal or mildly reduced left ventricular function. RESULTS: In hospital mortality was 3.7% (two patients), one for mesenteric thrombosis and one due to cardiogenic chock. Seventeen patients (34%) were submitted to off pump CABG. Arterial Graft flow measures ranged from 8 to 106 ml/min (average 31.14 ml/min), and venous grafts flow ranged from 9 to 149 ml/min (average 50.42 ml/min). CONCLUSION: Flowmeter use represents higher safety both for patients and surgeons. Even under legal aspects, the documentation provided by the device can avoid future questionings.

Cytokines and pain.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cytokines are necessary for the inflammatory response, favoring proper wound healing. However, exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine production can manifest systemically as hemodynamic instability or metabolic derangements. The objective of this review was to describe the effects of cytokines in pain. CONTENTS: This article reviews the effects of cytokines in pain. In diseases with acute or chronic inflammation, cytokines can be recognized by neurons and used to trigger several cell reactions that influence the activity, proliferation, and survival of immune cells, as well as the production and activity of other cytokines. Cytokines can be proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Proinflammatory cytokines are related with the pathophysiology of pain syndromes. Cells that secrete proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGFß) cytokines, the functions of each cytokine, and the action of those compounds on pain processing, have been described. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines have an important role in pain through different mechanisms in several sites of pain transmission pathways.

Citocinas e dor: [revisão] / Cytokines and pai: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As citocinas são substâncias necessárias para a resposta inflamatória, favorecendo a cicatrização apropriada da ferida. No entanto, a produção exagerada de citocinas pró-inflamatórias a partir da lesão pode manifestar-se sistemicamente com instabilidade hemodinâmica ou distúrbios metabólicos. O objetivo desta revisão foi descrever os efeitos das citocinas na dor. CONTEÚDO: Este artigo faz uma revisão dos efeitos das citocinas na dor. Em doenças que cursam com processo inflamatório agudo ou crônico, as citocinas podem ser reconhecidas por neurônios e utilizadas para desencadear diversas reações celulares que influenciam na atividade, proliferação e sobrevida da célula imunológica, bem como na produção e atividade de outras citocinas. As citocinas podem ser pró-inflamatórias e anti-inflamatórias. As pró-inflamatórias estão relacionadas com a fisiopatologia das síndromes dolorosas. Foram descritas as células que secretam as citocinas, as citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7 e FNT) e anti-inflamatórias (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 e FTCβ), as funções de cada citocina e como ocorre a ação dessas substâncias no processamento da dor. CONCLUSÕES: As citocinas desempenham importante papel na dor, agindo através de diferentes mecanismos em vários locais das vias de transmissão da dor.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Cytokines are necessary for the inflammatory response, favoring proper wound healing. However, exaggerated proinflammatory cytokine production can manifest systemically as hemodynamic instability or metabolic derangements. The objective of this review was to describe the effects of cytokines in pain. CONTENTS: This article reviews the effects of cytokines in pain. In diseases with acute or chronic inflammation, cytokines can be recognized by neurons and used to trigger several cell reactions that influence the activity, proliferation, and survival of immune cells, as well as the production and activity of other cytokines. Cytokines can be proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory. Proinflammatory cytokines are related with the pathophysiology of pain syndromes. Cells that secrete proinflammatory (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7, and TNF) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGFβ) cytokines, the functions of each cytokine, and the action of those compounds on pain processing, have been described. CONCLUSIONS: Cytokines have an important role in pain through different mechanisms in several sites of pain transmission pathways.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las citocinas son sustancias necesarias para la respuesta inflamatoria, favoreciendo la cicatrización apropiada de la herida. Sin embargo, la producción exagerada de citocinas proinflamatorias a partir de la lesión puede manifestarse sistémicamente con la inestabilidad hemodinámica o disturbios metabólicos. El objetivo de esta revisión fue describir los efectos de las citocinas en el dolor. CONTENIDO: Este artículo intenta hacer una revisión de los efectos de las citocinas en el dolor. En enfermedades que se manifiestan con un proceso inflamatorio agudo o crónico, las citocinas pueden ser reconocidas por las neuronas y utilizadas para desencadenar diversas reacciones celulares que influyen en la actividad, proliferación y sobrevida de la célula inmunológica, como también en la producción y en la actividad de otras citocinas. Las citocinas pueden ser proinflamatorias y antiinflamatorias. Las proinflamatorias tienen una relación con la fisiopatología de los síndromes dolorosos. Ya se han descrito las células que segregan las citocinas, las citocinas proinflamatorias (IL-1, IL-2, IL-6, IL-7 y FNT) y antiinflamatorias (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 y FTCβ), las funciones de cada citocina y también cómo ocurre la acción de esas sustancias en el proceso del dolor. CONCLUSIONES: Las citocinas desempeñan un rol muy importante en el dolor, actuando por medio de diferentes mecanismos en varios locales de las vías de transmisión del dolor.

Cardiovascular behavior during rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting / Comportamento cardiovascular durante a reabilitação após cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of cardiovascular variables during an in-hospital cardiovascular rehabilitation program in patients following myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: A total of 14 patients (mean age: 55.4 ± 6.4 years, 78.6 percent male) participated in the study, all of whom had a previous diagnosis of coronary insufficiency and indication for elective surgery. The protocol consisted of a group of low-impact (2-3 METs) upper/lower extremity and walking exercises performed both pre and post-operatively (3rd and 4th days). The following variables were evaluated at rest and following the exercise program: heart rate (HR, bpm); systolic arterial pressure (SAP, mmHg); diastolic arterial pressure (DAP, mmHg); mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg); double product (DPr, bpm/mmHg); and the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in HR and DPr in the individual analysis (P<0.001) as well as in between days (P<0.001 for HR and P<0.05 for DPr), but only attaining maximal values that were < 30 percent of predicted. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the RPE scale and both SAP and MAP. CONCLUSION: The exercises proposed proved to be safe with the change in key physiologic variables throughout the experiment below recommended values for the hospitalization phase. Furthermore, the RPE scale appears to have a correlation with some hemodynamic variables and thus may be a useful tool for this group of patients.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o comportamento das variáveis cardiovasculares durante um programa de reabilitação cardiovascular hospitalar em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Um total de 14 pacientes (idade média: 55,4 ± 6,4 anos, 78,6 por cento do sexo masculino) participaram do estudo, todos apresentavam diagnóstico prévio de insuficiência coronariana e indicação de cirurgia eletiva. O protocolo consistiu de um grupo de exercícios de baixo impacto (2-3 METs) para extremidade superior e inferior e exercícios de caminhada realizados no pré e pós-operatório (3 e 4 dias). As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas em repouso e após o programa de exercício: frequência cardíaca (FC, bpm), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS, mmHg), pressão arterial diastólica (PAD, mmHg), pressão arterial média (MAP,mmHg), duplo produto (DPr, bpm/mmHg) e escala de Índice de Percepção de Esforço (IPE). RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo da FC e DPr na análise individual (P <0,001), bem como na análise entre os dias de avaliação (P <0,001 para FC e P <0,05 para DPr), mas apenas atingindo valores máximos que foram < 30 por cento do previsto. Além disso, ocorreu correlação negativa entre a escala IPE e SAP e MAP. CONCLUSÃO: Os exercícios propostos mostraram-se seguros com a mudança de variáveis fisiológicas fundamentais em todo o experimento abaixo do valor recomendado para a fase de hospitalização. Além disso, a escala percepção de esforço parece ter correlação com algumas variáveis hemodinâmicas e, portanto, pode ser uma ferramenta útil para este grupo de pacientes.

Ischemic preconditioning influence ventricular function in off-pump revascularization surgery.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning is a method that prepares and protects cells to tolerate a long period of ischemia with the least possible injury. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the influence of ischemic preconditioning over left ventricular function during off-pump myocardial revascularization. METHOD: Forty patients with clinical indication for off-pump myocardial revascularization were randomized in two groups, with or without ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning was carried out by performing coronary occlusion for two minutes and releasing blood flow for one minute; two cycles were performed. Left ventricular contractility was evaluated through transesophageal Doppler by measuring blood flow acceleration in the descending aorta - Hemosonic 100. The acceleration measurements were performed at the start of the surgery, after heart positioning and five and ten minutes after coronary occlusion. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in left ventricular contractility between the two groups. At the beginning of the procedure flow acceleration was 9.37 +/- 2.9m/s(2) in the preconditioning group and 12.5 +/- 3.1 m/s(2) in no-preconditioning group (p = 0.23); after positioning of heart, it was 8.47 +/- 3.3 and 8.31 +/- 3.6 m/s(2) (p = 0.96); after five minutes - 8.7 +/- 4.1 and 7.94 +/- 2.9 m/s(2) (p = 0.80); and after ten minutes - 9.2 +/- 4.5 and 7.98 +/- 3.4 m/s(2) (p = 0.71). However, contractility evolution was different throughout time in each group. The preconditioning group maintained left ventricular contractility during the entire procedure, since the beginning (0.52), while the group without ischemic preconditioning presented reduction in left ventricular contractility (p = 0.0034). CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning prevented the decrease in left ventricular contractility during off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.

O pré-condicionamento isquêmico influencia a contratilidade ventricular na cirurgia sem extracorpórea / Ischemic preconditioning influence ventricular function in off-pump revascularization surgery

FUNDAMENTO: O pré-condicionamento isquêmico é um método que prepara e protege a célula para suportar um período de isquemia prolongada com menor dano celular possível. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a influência do pré-condicionamento isquêmico na contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. MÉTODO: Quarenta pacientes com indicação para revascularização do miocárdio foram randomizados em dois grupos, com e sem pré-condicionamento isquêmico. O pré-condicionamento isquêmico foi obtido realizando a oclusão coronária por dois minutos e liberação do fluxo sanguíneo por um minuto, sendo realizados dois ciclos. A contratilidade ventricular esquerda foi avaliada por meio de Doppler pulsado da aorta torácica descendente (Hemosonic 100). As medidas da aceleração do fluxo sanguíneo na aorta foram obtidas antes do início do procedimento, após o posicionamento do coração e com cinco e dez minutos de oclusão coronária. RESULTADOS: No início do procedimento, a aceleração do fluxo foi de 9,37 ± 2,9m/s² no grupo com pré-condicionamento, e de 12,5 ± 3,1 m/s² no grupo sem pré-condicionamento (p = 0,23). Após o posicionamento do coração foi de 8,47 ± 3,3 e 8,31 ± 3,6 m/s² (p=0,96); com cinco minutos foi de 8,7 ± 4,1 e 7,94 ± 2,9 m/s² (p = 0,80); e com dez minutos foi de 9,2 ± 4,5 e 7,98 ± 3,4 m/s² (p=0,71), respectivamente. No entanto, o comportamento da contratilidade ventricular foi diferente ao longo do tempo. No grupo pré-condicionado houve manutenção da contratilidade ventricular em relação ao início do procedimento (p = 0,52), enquanto que no grupo sem pré-condicionamento houve redução da contratilidade ventricular (p = 0,0034). CONCLUSÕES: O Pré-condicionamento isquêmico evitou a redução da contratilidade ventricular esquerda durante a realização da revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea.

BACKGROUND: Ischemic preconditioning is a method that prepares and protects cells to tolerate a long period of ischemia with the least possible injury. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate the influence of ischemic preconditioning over left ventricular function during off-pump myocardial revascularization. METHOD: Forty patients with clinical indication for off-pump myocardial revascularization were randomized in two groups, with or without ischemic preconditioning. Ischemic preconditioning was carried out by performing coronary occlusion for two minutes and releasing blood flow for one minute; two cycles were performed. Left ventricular contractility was evaluated through transesophageal Doppler by measuring blood flow acceleration in the descending aorta - Hemosonic 100. The acceleration measurements were performed at the start of the surgery, after heart positioning and five and ten minutes after coronary occlusion. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in left ventricular contractility between the two groups. At the beginning of the procedure flow acceleration was 9.37 ± 2.9m/s² in the preconditioning group and 12.5 ± 3.1 m/s² in no-preconditioning group (p = 0.23); after positioning of heart, it was 8.47 ± 3.3 and 8.31 ± 3.6 m/s² (p = 0.96); after five minutes - 8.7 ± 4.1 and 7.94 ± 2.9 m/s² (p = 0.80); and after ten minutes - 9.2 ± 4.5 and 7.98 ± 3.4 m/s² (p = 0.71). However, contractility evolution was different throughout time in each group. The preconditioning group maintained left ventricular contractility during the entire procedure, since the beginning (0.52), while the group without ischemic preconditioning presented reduction in left ventricular contractility (p = 0.0034). CONCLUSION: Ischemic preconditioning prevented the decrease in left ventricular contractility during off-pump myocardial revascularization surgery.

Cardiovascular response [corrected] during rehabilitation after coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to assess the behavior of cardiovascular variables during an in-hospital cardiovascular rehabilitation program in patients following myocardial revascularization surgery. METHODS: A total of 14 patients (mean age: 55.4 ± 6.4 years, 78.6% male) participated in the study, all of whom had a previous diagnosis of coronary insufficiency and indication for elective surgery. The protocol consisted of a group of low-impact (2-3 METs) upper/lower extremity and walking exercises performed both pre and post-operatively (3rd and 4th days). The following variables were evaluated at rest and following the exercise program: heart rate (HR, bpm); systolic arterial pressure (SAP, mmHg); diastolic arterial pressure (DAP, mmHg); mean arterial pressure (MAP, mmHg); double product (DPr, bpm/mmHg); and the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) scale. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in HR and DPr in the individual analysis (P<0.001) as well as in between days (P<0.001 for HR and P<0.05 for DPr), but only attaining maximal values that were ≤ 30% of predicted. Moreover, a negative correlation was found between the RPE scale and both SAP and MAP. CONCLUSION: The exercises proposed proved to be safe with the change in key physiologic variables throughout the experiment below recommended values for the hospitalization phase. Furthermore, the RPE scale appears to have a correlation with some hemodynamic variables and thus may be a useful tool for this group of patients.

[Surgical treatment of aortic valve disease with stentless bovine pericardium prosthesis: immediate results]. / Tratamento cirúrgico das valvopatias aórticas com bioprótese de pericárdio bovino sem suporte: resultados imediatos.

OBJECTIVE: To present the immediate results and assess the clinical and hemodynamic performance of stentless bovine pericardial bioprostheses in aortic position. METHODS: Twenty patients were operated who were indicated for surgery for valve replacement with biological prosthesis. Eleven patients were male; sixteen had aortic stenosis; four, insufficiency; the mean age was 66.3 +/- 8.8 years. The surgical technique used was subcoronary implant. Associated procedures were performed in five patients. Postoperative morbidity, mortality and hemodynamic performance were assessed on transthoracic echocardiogram. RESULTS: Mean time of cardiopulmonary bypass was 136.5 +/- 24.41 minutes and mean anoxic time was 105.2 +/- 21.62 minutes. Hospital mortality was 5% (one patient). Mean time of intensive care unit stay was 3.65 +/- 3.23 days. Mean postoperatively transvalvular gradient was was 25.39 +/- 7.82 mmHg. Left ventricle ejection fraction was 67 +/- 13.49% preoperatively and 63.24 +/- 16.06% postoperatively (p = 0.45). Eleven patients did not present any degree of valve regurgitation, eight presented mild regurgitation and one ,mild to moderate regurgitation. CONCLUSION: Stentless prostheses can be used for the surgical treatment of aortic valve diseases, with in hospital mortality and morbidity similar to the mortality and morbidity described in the literature for similar procedures, with satisfactory hemodynamic performance.

Tratamento cirúrgico das valvopatias aórticas com bioprótese de pericárdio bovino sem suporte: resultados imediatos / Surgical treatment of aortic valve disease with stentless bovine pericardium prosthesis: immediate results

OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados imediatos e avaliar o desempenho clínico e hemodinâmico das biopróteses sem suporte de pericárdio bovino (stentless) em posição aórtica. MÉTODOS: Foram operados 20 pacientes com indicação de troca valvar aórtica por bioprótese, sendo 11 homens, 16 com estenose aórtica; a média de idade foi 66,3 ± 8,8 anos. A técnica operatória utilizada foi o implante subcoronariano. Cinco pacientes receberam procedimentos associados. No pós-operatório, a morbidade-mortalidade e o desempenho hemodinâmico foram avaliados por meio de ecocardiograma transtorácico. RESULTADOS: Os tempos médios de circulação extracorpórea e anóxia foram, respectivamente, 136,5 ± 24,41 min e 105,2 ± 21,62 min. A mortalidade hospitalar foi 5 por cento (um paciente). A permanência na UTI foi, em média, 3,65 ± 3,23 dias. A média dos gradientes transvalvares no pós-operatório foi 25,39 ± 7,82 mmHg. A fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo no pré-operatório era 67 ± 13,49 por cento e, no pós-operatório, foi 63,24 ± 16,06 por cento (p = 0,45). Onze pacientes não apresentaram nenhum grau de refluxo valvar, 8 apresentaram refluxo leve, e um, refluxo leve a moderado. CONCLUSÃO: As próteses stentless podem ser utilizadas no tratamento cirúrgico das valvopatias aórticas, com morbidade e mortalidade na fase hospitalar semelhante à descrita na literatura para procedimentos semelhantes, e apresentam desempenho hemodinâmico satisfatório.

Off-pump myocardial revascularization: critical analysis of 23 years' experience in 3,866 patients.

BACKGROUND: Surgical myocardial revascularization without cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is not new, with the first consecutive series of patients appearing in the early eighties. There has been increased interest in this alternative approach, especially in patients with comorbidities. There is controversy regarding advantages, risks, and usefulness of this method of myocardial revascularization. We herein report a consecutive series of 3,866 patients, from the first case in September 1981 to the last in November 2004, analyzing applicability, mortality, morbidity, and surgical technique. METHODS: From September 1981 to November 2004, 3,866 consecutive patients were revascularized without CPB. This figure represents an overall applicability of 30.8% considering a total of 12,553 revascularization procedures performed during this time. There were 2,822 males (73%) with ages from 12 to 93 years (median, 62 +/- 14). Mean grafts per patient was 1.9, and the internal mammary artery was used in 87.3% of cases. The main indications for surgery were chronic coronary insufficiency (89% of cases) and failure of angioplasty or stenting. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 1.9%, with low incidence of cerebrovascular accident (5 cases in the entire series). Morbidity, considering major postoperative complications, occurred in 12.5% of the patients. The applicability of the off-pump technique was 18% of cases in the beginning of our experience, increasing to 49% in the last 5 years with the use of stabilizers and maneuvers to expose posterior coronary branches. CONCLUSIONS: Off-pump coronary surgery is an alternative method of myocardial revascularization that should be considered for every patient. The preference of this technique over conventional revascularization should be based on the surgeon's own experience, on the patient's preoperative condition and on the coronary anatomy. Off-pump myocardial revascularization represents an important development in coronary artery surgery. Over the years it has evolved into a valid form of surgery with the same safety as the conventional operation and with more advantages in high risk patients.

Avaliação doppler ecocardiográfica em repouso dos homoenxertos aórticos criopreservados em comparação às biopróteses sem e com suporte / Doppler-echocardiographic analysis of cryopreserved aortic homografts compared with stentless and stented bioprosthesis at medium term follow-up

Resumo: Homoenxertos criopreservados são uma alternativa de substituto valvar para a posição aórtica, uma vez que seu perfil hemodinámico se aproxima ao da valva nativa. Recentemente, a criopreservação dos homoenxertos e a sua implantação pela técnica de troca da raiz aórtica com reimplante das artérias coronárias proporcionaram resultados animadores. Nosso objetivo foi analisar por meio de ecocardiografia homoenxertos aórticos criopreservados e compará-los com biopróteses com e sem suporte, em pacientes operados em nosso serviço. Foram avaliados três grupos de pacientes: com homoenxerto (n = 10)com bioprótese sem suporte (n = 9) e com biopróteses com suporte rígido (n = 9) em um período pós-operatório médiode 26 meses. Os resultados foram comparados com um grupo de voluntários normais (n = 15). Os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal, tinham fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo dentro dos limites da normalidade, não apresentavam insuficiência mitral importante nem sinais de disfunção protética. Todos tinham áreas de superfície corpórea equivalentes, assim como diámetros da aorta e do ventrículo esquerdo. O tamanho das próteses aórticas foisimilar entre os grupos. Em cada grupo, estudamos os gradientes transprotéticos sistólicos máximo e médio, a área valvar aórtica absoluta e corrigida pela área de superfície corpórea e índice Doppler de velocidade em repouso. Os gradientes aórticos máximos e médios do grupo dos homoenxertos (14,6+ - 9mmHg e 7,3+ - 5,3mmHg) foram significativamente menores do que os gradientes máximos e médios dos grupos das próteses sem suporte (27,9+ -10,9mmHg e 15,5+ - 6,8mmHg; p < 0,001) e com suporte (27,2+ - 8mmHg e 14,7+ - 5, 1mmHg; p = 0,001). Os gradientes máximos e médios obtidos nas valvas aórticas nativas (respectivamente: 6,1+ -1,6mmHg e 3,0+ - O,8mmHg) foram significantemente menores do que os dos homoenxertos (p = 0,006) e das próteses sem suporte e com suporte (p < 0,001) em repouso. Os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferença significanteentre os grupos dos homoenxertos e o grupo controle quanto às áreas valvares aórticas absolutas (2,1+ - O,5cm2 versus 2,7+ -0,7cm2; p = 0,417) e indexadas (p = 0,08) confirmando a superioridade deste tipo de substituto valvar. Biopróteses sem e com suporte apresentaram áreas valvares aórticas significantemente menores (respectivamente: 1,4+ - 0,3cm2 e 1,4+ - 0,4cm2; p = 0,001) do que os homoenxertos...

Cryopreserved aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement: immediate results.

OBJECTIVE: To assess immediate clinical and echocardiographic results of the use of cryopreserved aortic homografts for aortic valve replacement. METHODS: Eighteen patients with aortic valve disease underwent aortic valve replacement, receiving a cryopreserved aortic homograft, 15 were male, 10 had aortic regurgitation, and 8 had aortic stenosis. Age ranged from 18 to 65 years (mean, 44.5 +/- 18.14 years). Four patients had infective endocarditis, 12 patients were in functional class II, and 6 patients were in functional class III (NYHA). Left ventricular function was normal in 15 patients. RESULTS: Hospital mortality was 5.5% (1 patient) due to respiratory distress; the other patients were discharged from the hospital between the fifth and eighth postoperative days in functional class I. Maximal aortic transvalvular gradient, on echocardiography, ranged from 0 to 30 mmHg, with a mean of 10.9 +/- 9.2 mmHg. Five patients did not have any degree of regurgitation through the aortic homograft, 11 patients (61.1%) had minimal regurgitation, and 2 had mild regurgitation. Duration of extracorporeal circulation ranged from 130 to 220 minutes (mean, 183.9 +/- 36.7 minutes). Duration of aortic clamping ranged from 102 to 168 minutes (mean, 139.14 +/- 25.10 minutes). Bleeding in the postoperative period ranged from 210 to 1220 mL, with a mean of 511.4 +/- 335.1 mL. Reoperations were not necessary. Duration of orotracheal intubation ranged from 2 hours 50 minutes to 17 hours with a mean of 9.14 +/- 3.6 hours. CONCLUSION: Cryopreserved aortic homografts may be routinely used with low hospital morbidity and mortality.

Cryopreserved aortic homograft for aortic valve replacement: immediate results / Homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado no tratamento cirúrgico das lesões da valva aórtica: resultados imediatos

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados imediatos, clínicos e ecocardiográficos, com o uso do homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado no tratamento cirúrgico da valva aórtica. MATERIAL: Dezoito pacientes com lesão na valva aórtica receberam homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado, sendo 15 homens, 10 com insuficiência aórtica e oito, estenose aórtica. A idade variou de 18 a 65 (média de 44,5 ± 18,14) anos. Quatro pacientes apresentavam endocardite bacteriana em atividade, 12 estavam em classe funcional II, seis em classe funcional III (NYHA). A função ventricular esquerda era normal em 15 pacientes. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 5,5 por cento (um paciente), por insuficiência respiratória, os demais receberam alta hospitalar entre o 5º e 8º dia de pós-operatório em classe funcional I. O gradiente transvalvar aórtico máximo, ao ecocardiograma, variou de zero a 30 mmhg, com média de 10,9 ± 9,2 mmhg. Cinco pacientes não apresentavam nenhum grau de refluxo pelo homoenxerto, 11 (61,1 por cento) tinham refluxo mínimo e dois apresentavam refluxo leve. O tempo de circulação extracorpórea variou de 130 a 220 (média de 183,9 ± 36,7) minutos. O tempo de pinçamento da aorta variou de 102 a 168 (média de 139,14 ± 25,10) minutos. O sangramento no pós-operatório variou 210 a 1220 ml, com média de 511,4 ± 335,1 ml e não houve reoperações. O tempo de intubação orotraqueal variou de 2h e 50min a 17 h com média de 9,14 ± 3,6 h. CONCLUSAO: O homoenxerto aórtico criopreservado pode ser utilizado rotineiramente com baixa morbi-mortalidade hospitalar.

Off-pump versus on-pump myocardial revascularization in low-risk patients with one or two vessel disease: perioperative results in a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate hospital mortality and morbidity after myocardial revascularization in a prospective and multicenter study, comparing on-pump versus off-pump in a special subset of patients with lesions in the left descending artery, alone or associated with the right coronary artery. METHODS: A multicenter prospective randomized study was performed. One hundred and sixty selected low-risk patients were enrolled; 80 patients were operated on-pump (coronary artery bypass grafting [CABG], group I) and 80 patients were operated off-pump (off-pump coronary artery bypass [OPCAB], group II). One hundred and five were male and ages ranged from 39 to 70 years old; mean 58.81 +/- 9.31 and median 59. Preoperative clinical characteristics were similar in both groups; only previous myocardial infarction was higher in the OPCAB group. Patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction (FE

Myocardial revascularization in renal transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of surgical myocardial revascularization in renal transplant patients. METHODS: From 1991 to 2000, 11 renal transplant patients, whose ages ranged from 36 to 59 (47.5+/-8) years, 8 males and 3 females, underwent myocardial revascularization. The time interval between renal transplantation and myocardial revascularization ranged from 25 to 120 (mean of 63.8+/-32.7) months. RESULTS: The in-hospital mortality rate was 9%. One patient died on the 4th postoperative day from septicemia and respiratory failure. The mean graft/patient ratio was 2.7+/-0.8. Only 1 patient required slow hemodialysis during 24 hours in the postoperative period, and no patient had a definitive renal lesion or lost the transplanted kidney. The actuarial survival curves after 1, 2, and 3 years were, respectively, 90.9%, 56.8%, and 56.8%. CONCLUSION: Renal transplant patients may undergo myocardial revascularization with no lesion in or loss of the transplanted kidney.

Revascularizaçäo do miocárdio em pacientes com transplante renal / Myocardial revascularization in renal transplant patients

OBJECTIVE - To assess the results of surgical myocardial revascularization in renal transplant patients. METHODS - From 1991 to 2000, 11 renal transplant patients, whose ages ranged from 36 to 59 (47.5±8) years, 8 males and 3 females, underwent myocardial revascularization. The time interval between renal transplantation and myocardial revascularization ranged from 25 to 120 (mean of 63.8±32.7) months. RESULTS - The in-hospital mortality rate was 9 percent. One patient died on the 4th postoperative day from septicemia and respiratory failure. The mean graft/patient ratio was 2.7±0.8. Only 1 patient required slow hemodialysis during 24 hours in the postoperative period, and no patient had a definitive renal lesion or lost the transplanted kidney. The actuarial survival curves after 1, 2, and 3 years were, respectively, 90.9 percent, 56.8 percent, and 56.8 percent. CONCLUSION - Renal transplant patients may undergo myocardial revascularization with no lesion in or loss of the transplanted kidney

Revascularizaçäo do miocárdio sem circulaçäo extracorpórea: resultados da experiência de 18 anos de sua utilizaçäo / Myocardial revascularization without extracorporeal circulation: results from 18 years experience

Introduçäo: A revascularizaçäo do miocárdio sem circulaçäo extracorpórea (CEC) é hoje alternativa de revascularizaçäo em expansäo näo estando ainda bem definidos os limites de sua aplicabilidade. Os autores revêem sua casuística global e discutem as indicaçöes ideais do procedimento baseados nos resultados obtidos. Casuística e Métodos: Säo analisados 2.495 pacientes operados sem CEC de outubro de 1981 a setembro de 1999 de um total de 10.656 pacientes revascularizados no período (23,4 por cento). As idades variaram de 32 a 90 anos, mediana 59, e o sexo masculino predominou (67 por cento). Insuficiência coronária crônica foi responsável por 70,8 por cento das indicaçöes operatórias e a maioria dos pacientes recebeu 2 pontes (51,5 por cento). Resultados: A mortalidade (30 dias) global foi de 1,9 por cento (48/2495) e a morbidade referente a eventos maiores foi significativamente menor em um subgrupo deste material que foi prospectivamente. Apenas 45 por cento dos operados necessitaram de transfusäo sangüínea contrastando com 90,5 por cento dos operados com a técnica convencional. A aplicabilidade da técnica que no global foi de 23 por cento nos últimos três anos foi de 36,8 por cento, 35, l por cento e 42,2 por cento. Conclusäo: A revascularizaçäo do miocárdio sem CEC é alternativa segura de tratamento da insuficiência coronária observando-se um aumento progressivo de sua aplicaçäo nos últimos anos. Permite o tratamento de um subgrupo de pacientes com baixa mortalidade hospitalar e menor incidência de complicaçöes pós-operatórias, devendo seu uso ser expandido nos próximos anos com a introduçäo dos estabilizadores, manobras especiais e a revascularizaçäo funcional